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Operators

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In Ruby, operators are special symbols used to perform operations on variables and values. They are essential for manipulating data and controlling the flow of a program. This section will cover the various types of operators available in Ruby, including arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, and more.

Types of Operators

  1. Arithmetic Operators
  2. Comparison Operators
  3. Logical Operators
  4. Assignment Operators
  5. Bitwise Operators
  6. Range Operators
  7. Ternary Operator

  1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example Result
+ Addition 5 + 3 8
- Subtraction 5 - 3 2
* Multiplication 5 * 3 15
/ Division 6 / 3 2
% Modulus 5 % 3 2
** Exponentiation 2 ** 3 8

Example:

a = 10
b = 3

puts a + b  # Output: 13
puts a - b  # Output: 7
puts a * b  # Output: 30
puts a / b  # Output: 3
puts a % b  # Output: 1
puts a ** b # Output: 1000

  1. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values. They return a boolean value (true or false).

Operator Description Example Result
== Equal to 5 == 3 false
!= Not equal to 5 != 3 true
> Greater than 5 > 3 true
< Less than 5 < 3 false
>= Greater than or equal to 5 >= 3 true
<= Less than or equal to 5 <= 3 false
<=> Combined comparison (spaceship operator) 5 <=> 3 1 (0 if equal, -1 if less)

Example:

a = 5
b = 3

puts a == b  # Output: false
puts a != b  # Output: true
puts a > b   # Output: true
puts a < b   # Output: false
puts a >= b  # Output: true
puts a <= b  # Output: false
puts a <=> b # Output: 1

  1. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple boolean expressions.

Operator Description Example Result
&& Logical AND true && false false
` ` Logical OR
! Logical NOT !true false

Example:

a = true
b = false

puts a && b  # Output: false
puts a || b  # Output: true
puts !a      # Output: false

  1. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example Equivalent To
= Assign a = 5 a = 5
+= Add and assign a += 3 a = a + 3
-= Subtract and assign a -= 3 a = a - 3
*= Multiply and assign a *= 3 a = a * 3
/= Divide and assign a /= 3 a = a / 3
%= Modulus and assign a %= 3 a = a % 3
**= Exponent and assign a **= 3 a = a ** 3

Example:

a = 5

a += 3  # a = a + 3
puts a  # Output: 8

a -= 2  # a = a - 2
puts a  # Output: 6

a *= 2  # a = a * 2
puts a  # Output: 12

a /= 3  # a = a / 3
puts a  # Output: 4

a %= 3  # a = a % 3
puts a  # Output: 1

a **= 2 # a = a ** 2
puts a  # Output: 1

  1. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on binary representations of numbers.

Operator Description Example Result
& AND 5 & 3 1
` ` OR `5
^ XOR 5 ^ 3 6
~ NOT ~5 -6
<< Left shift 5 << 1 10
>> Right shift 5 >> 1 2

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 101
b = 3  # Binary: 011

puts a & b  # Output: 1 (Binary: 001)
puts a | b  # Output: 7 (Binary: 111)
puts a ^ b  # Output: 6 (Binary: 110)
puts ~a     # Output: -6 (Binary: ...11111010)
puts a << 1 # Output: 10 (Binary: 1010)
puts a >> 1 # Output: 2 (Binary: 10)

  1. Range Operators

Range operators are used to create ranges of values.

Operator Description Example Result
.. Inclusive range (1..5).to_a [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
... Exclusive range (1...5).to_a [1, 2, 3, 4]

Example:

inclusive_range = (1..5).to_a
exclusive_range = (1...5).to_a

puts inclusive_range.inspect  # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
puts exclusive_range.inspect  # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

  1. Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand for an if-else statement.

Operator Description Example Result
? : Ternary true ? 'yes' : 'no' 'yes'

Example:

a = 5
b = 3

result = a > b ? 'a is greater' : 'b is greater'
puts result  # Output: 'a is greater'

Practical Exercises

Exercise 1: Basic Arithmetic Operations

Write a Ruby program that takes two numbers as input and performs the following operations: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and modulus. Print the results.

Solution:

puts "Enter the first number:"
num1 = gets.chomp.to_i

puts "Enter the second number:"
num2 = gets.chomp.to_i

puts "Addition: #{num1 + num2}"
puts "Subtraction: #{num1 - num2}"
puts "Multiplication: #{num1 * num2}"
puts "Division: #{num1 / num2}"
puts "Modulus: #{num1 % num2}"

Exercise 2: Comparison and Logical Operations

Write a Ruby program that takes two numbers as input and compares them using comparison operators. Also, use logical operators to combine the results and print the final boolean value.

Solution:

puts "Enter the first number:"
num1 = gets.chomp.to_i

puts "Enter the second number:"
num2 = gets.chomp.to_i

is_equal = num1 == num2
is_greater = num1 > num2
is_less = num1 < num2

puts "Is equal: #{is_equal}"
puts "Is greater: #{is_greater}"
puts "Is less: #{is_less}"

combined_result = is_equal || is_greater
puts "Combined result (is equal OR is greater): #{combined_result}"

Exercise 3: Using the Ternary Operator

Write a Ruby program that takes a number as input and uses the ternary operator to check if the number is even or odd. Print the result.

Solution:

puts "Enter a number:"
num = gets.chomp.to_i

result = num.even? ? 'The number is even' : 'The number is odd'
puts result

Conclusion

In this section, we covered the various types of operators in Ruby, including arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, bitwise, range, and the ternary operator. Understanding these operators is crucial for performing operations on data and controlling the flow of your Ruby programs. Make sure to practice the exercises to reinforce your understanding of these concepts. In the next section, we will delve into control structures, which will further enhance your ability to write complex and efficient Ruby code.

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