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Operators

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In Dart, operators are special symbols that are used to perform operations on variables and values. Dart supports a variety of operators, including arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, and more. Understanding these operators is crucial for performing calculations, making decisions, and manipulating data in your programs.

Types of Operators

  1. Arithmetic Operators
  2. Relational Operators
  3. Logical Operators
  4. Bitwise Operators
  5. Assignment Operators
  6. Conditional Operators
  7. Type Test Operators

  1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example
+ Addition a + b
- Subtraction a - b
* Multiplication a * b
/ Division a / b
% Modulus (remainder) a % b
++ Increment a++ or ++a
-- Decrement a-- or --a

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 10;
  int b = 5;

  print('a + b = ${a + b}'); // Addition
  print('a - b = ${a - b}'); // Subtraction
  print('a * b = ${a * b}'); // Multiplication
  print('a / b = ${a / b}'); // Division
  print('a % b = ${a % b}'); // Modulus

  a++;
  print('a++ = $a'); // Increment

  b--;
  print('b-- = $b'); // Decrement
}

  1. Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values. They return a boolean value (true or false).

Operator Description Example
== Equal to a == b
!= Not equal to a != b
> Greater than a > b
< Less than a < b
>= Greater than or equal to a >= b
<= Less than or equal to a <= b

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 10;
  int b = 5;

  print('a == b: ${a == b}'); // Equal to
  print('a != b: ${a != b}'); // Not equal to
  print('a > b: ${a > b}');   // Greater than
  print('a < b: ${a < b}');   // Less than
  print('a >= b: ${a >= b}'); // Greater than or equal to
  print('a <= b: ${a <= b}'); // Less than or equal to
}

  1. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple boolean expressions.

Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND a && b
` `
! Logical NOT !a

Example:

void main() {
  bool a = true;
  bool b = false;

  print('a && b: ${a && b}'); // Logical AND
  print('a || b: ${a || b}'); // Logical OR
  print('!a: ${!a}');         // Logical NOT
}

  1. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform bit-level operations on integer values.

Operator Description Example
& Bitwise AND a & b
` ` Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR a ^ b
~ Bitwise NOT ~a
<< Left shift a << b
>> Right shift a >> b

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
  int b = 3;  // 0011 in binary

  print('a & b: ${a & b}'); // Bitwise AND
  print('a | b: ${a | b}'); // Bitwise OR
  print('a ^ b: ${a ^ b}'); // Bitwise XOR
  print('~a: ${~a}');       // Bitwise NOT
  print('a << 1: ${a << 1}'); // Left shift
  print('a >> 1: ${a >> 1}'); // Right shift
}

  1. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example
= Assign a = b
+= Add and assign a += b
-= Subtract and assign a -= b
*= Multiply and assign a *= b
/= Divide and assign a /= b
%= Modulus and assign a %= b

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 10;
  int b = 5;

  a += b; // a = a + b
  print('a += b: $a');

  a -= b; // a = a - b
  print('a -= b: $a');

  a *= b; // a = a * b
  print('a *= b: $a');

  a /= b; // a = a / b
  print('a /= b: $a');

  a %= b; // a = a % b
  print('a %= b: $a');
}

  1. Conditional Operators

Conditional operators are used to evaluate expressions based on a condition.

Operator Description Example
?: Ternary Operator a ? b : c
?? Null-aware Operator a ?? b

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 10;
  int b = 5;

  // Ternary Operator
  String result = a > b ? 'a is greater' : 'b is greater';
  print(result);

  // Null-aware Operator
  int? c;
  int d = c ?? b; // If c is null, use b
  print(d);
}

  1. Type Test Operators

Type test operators are used to check the type of an object.

Operator Description Example
is Type check a is int
is! Not type check a is! int

Example:

void main() {
  int a = 10;

  print('a is int: ${a is int}'); // Type check
  print('a is! String: ${a is! String}'); // Not type check
}

Practical Exercises

Exercise 1: Arithmetic Operations

Write a Dart program that takes two numbers as input and performs all arithmetic operations on them.

Solution:

import 'dart:io';

void main() {
  print('Enter first number:');
  int a = int.parse(stdin.readLineSync()!);

  print('Enter second number:');
  int b = int.parse(stdin.readLineSync()!);

  print('a + b = ${a + b}');
  print('a - b = ${a - b}');
  print('a * b = ${a * b}');
  print('a / b = ${a / b}');
  print('a % b = ${a % b}');
}

Exercise 2: Relational and Logical Operations

Write a Dart program that takes two boolean values as input and performs all relational and logical operations on them.

Solution:

import 'dart:io';

void main() {
  print('Enter first boolean value (true/false):');
  bool a = stdin.readLineSync()!.toLowerCase() == 'true';

  print('Enter second boolean value (true/false):');
  bool b = stdin.readLineSync()!.toLowerCase() == 'true';

  print('a == b: ${a == b}');
  print('a != b: ${a != b}');
  print('a && b: ${a && b}');
  print('a || b: ${a || b}');
  print('!a: ${!a}');
}

Conclusion

In this section, we covered the various types of operators available in Dart, including arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, conditional, and type test operators. Understanding these operators is essential for performing calculations, making decisions, and manipulating data in your Dart programs. Make sure to practice the exercises provided to reinforce your understanding of these concepts. In the next section, we will delve into control flow statements, which will allow you to control the execution flow of your programs based on certain conditions.

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