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Operators

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In Java, operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands and then return a result. Operators are essential in programming as they allow you to manipulate data and variables to perform various tasks. In this section, we will cover the different types of operators available in Java.

Types of Operators

Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables. They can be categorized as follows:

  1. Arithmetic Operators
  2. Relational Operators
  3. Logical Operators
  4. Bitwise Operators
  5. Assignment Operators
  6. Unary Operators
  7. Ternary Operator

  1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.

Operator Description Example
+ Addition a + b
- Subtraction a - b
* Multiplication a * b
/ Division a / b
% Modulus (Remainder) a % b

Example:

public class ArithmeticOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;

        System.out.println("a + b = " + (a + b)); // 15
        System.out.println("a - b = " + (a - b)); // 5
        System.out.println("a * b = " + (a * b)); // 50
        System.out.println("a / b = " + (a / b)); // 2
        System.out.println("a % b = " + (a % b)); // 0
    }
}

  1. Relational Operators

Relational operators are used to compare two values. They return a boolean result (true or false).

Operator Description Example
== Equal to a == b
!= Not equal to a != b
> Greater than a > b
< Less than a < b
>= Greater than or equal a >= b
<= Less than or equal a <= b

Example:

public class RelationalOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;

        System.out.println("a == b: " + (a == b)); // false
        System.out.println("a != b: " + (a != b)); // true
        System.out.println("a > b: " + (a > b));   // true
        System.out.println("a < b: " + (a < b));   // false
        System.out.println("a >= b: " + (a >= b)); // true
        System.out.println("a <= b: " + (a <= b)); // false
    }
}

  1. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine multiple boolean expressions.

Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND a && b
` `
! Logical NOT !a

Example:

public class LogicalOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        boolean a = true;
        boolean b = false;

        System.out.println("a && b: " + (a && b)); // false
        System.out.println("a || b: " + (a || b)); // true
        System.out.println("!a: " + (!a));         // false
    }
}

  1. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators are used to perform operations on individual bits of integer types.

Operator Description Example
& Bitwise AND a & b
` ` Bitwise OR
^ Bitwise XOR a ^ b
~ Bitwise Complement ~a
<< Left Shift a << 2
>> Right Shift a >> 2
>>> Unsigned Right Shift a >>> 2

Example:

public class BitwiseOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 5;  // 0101 in binary
        int b = 3;  // 0011 in binary

        System.out.println("a & b: " + (a & b)); // 1 (0001 in binary)
        System.out.println("a | b: " + (a | b)); // 7 (0111 in binary)
        System.out.println("a ^ b: " + (a ^ b)); // 6 (0110 in binary)
        System.out.println("~a: " + (~a));       // -6 (in binary: 1111...1010)
        System.out.println("a << 2: " + (a << 2)); // 20 (10100 in binary)
        System.out.println("a >> 2: " + (a >> 2)); // 1 (0001 in binary)
        System.out.println("a >>> 2: " + (a >>> 2)); // 1 (0001 in binary)
    }
}

  1. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator Description Example
= Simple assignment a = b
+= Add and assign a += b
-= Subtract and assign a -= b
*= Multiply and assign a *= b
/= Divide and assign a /= b
%= Modulus and assign a %= b
&= Bitwise AND and assign a &= b
` =` Bitwise OR and assign
^= Bitwise XOR and assign a ^= b
<<= Left shift and assign a <<= 2
>>= Right shift and assign a >>= 2
>>>= Unsigned right shift a >>>= 2

Example:

public class AssignmentOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;

        a += b; // a = a + b
        System.out.println("a += b: " + a); // 15

        a -= b; // a = a - b
        System.out.println("a -= b: " + a); // 10

        a *= b; // a = a * b
        System.out.println("a *= b: " + a); // 50

        a /= b; // a = a / b
        System.out.println("a /= b: " + a); // 10

        a %= b; // a = a % b
        System.out.println("a %= b: " + a); // 0
    }
}

  1. Unary Operators

Unary operators are used with only one operand.

Operator Description Example
+ Unary plus +a
- Unary minus -a
++ Increment a++ or ++a
-- Decrement a-- or --a
! Logical NOT !a

Example:

public class UnaryOperators {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;

        System.out.println("a: " + a);   // 10
        System.out.println("++a: " + ++a); // 11 (pre-increment)
        System.out.println("a++: " + a++); // 11 (post-increment)
        System.out.println("a: " + a);   // 12
        System.out.println("--a: " + --a); // 11 (pre-decrement)
        System.out.println("a--: " + a--); // 11 (post-decrement)
        System.out.println("a: " + a);   // 10
    }
}

  1. Ternary Operator

The ternary operator is a shorthand for the if-else statement. It takes three operands.

Operator Description Example
? : Ternary (conditional) a ? b : c

Example:

public class TernaryOperator {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        int a = 10;
        int b = 5;

        int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
        System.out.println("Max of a and b: " + max); // 10
    }
}

Practical Exercises

Exercise 1: Arithmetic Operations

Task: Write a Java program that takes two integers as input and performs all arithmetic operations on them.

Solution:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class ArithmeticExercise {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter first number: ");
        int num1 = scanner.nextInt();

        System.out.print("Enter second number: ");
        int num2 = scanner.nextInt();

        System.out.println("Addition: " + (num1 + num2));
        System.out.println("Subtraction: " + (num1 - num2));
        System.out.println("Multiplication: " + (num1 * num2));
        System.out.println("Division: " + (num1 / num2));
        System.out.println("Modulus: " + (num1 % num2));
    }
}

Exercise 2: Relational and Logical Operations

Task: Write a Java program that takes two boolean values as input and performs all relational and logical operations on them.

Solution:

import java.util.Scanner;

public class RelationalLogicalExercise {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

        System.out.print("Enter first boolean value (true/false): ");
        boolean bool1 = scanner.nextBoolean();

        System.out.print("Enter second boolean value (true/false): ");
        boolean bool2 = scanner.nextBoolean();

        System.out.println("bool1 == bool2: " + (bool1 == bool2));
        System.out.println("bool1 != bool2: " + (bool1 != bool2));
        System.out.println("bool1 && bool2: " + (bool1 && bool2));
        System.out.println("bool1 || bool2: " + (bool1 || bool2));
        System.out.println("!bool1: " + (!bool1));
    }
}

Conclusion

In this section, we covered the various types of operators in Java, including arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, unary, and ternary operators. We also provided practical examples and exercises to help you understand how to use these operators in your programs. Understanding operators is fundamental to writing effective and efficient Java code. In the next module, we will delve into control flow statements, which will allow you to control the execution flow of your programs based on certain conditions.

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Java Programming Course

Module 1: Introduction to Java

Module 2: Control Flow

Module 3: Object-Oriented Programming

Module 4: Advanced Object-Oriented Programming

Module 5: Data Structures and Collections

Module 6: Exception Handling

Module 7: File I/O

Module 8: Multithreading and Concurrency

Module 9: Networking

Module 10: Advanced Topics

Module 11: Java Frameworks and Libraries

Module 12: Building Real-World Applications

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